Please click. But it also stands to reason that brokerage customers ultimately foot the bill — and the profit margin of the market-maker — through poorer prices on securities transactions. Expand all. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, citizenship, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military or protected veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by applicable law. Transaction fees, fund expenses, and service fees may apply. Young, whose firm came in at No. Get a little something extra. The markup or markdown will be included in the price quoted to you and you will not be charged any commission or transaction fee for a principal trade. VIDEO The French authorities have published a list of securities that are subject to the tax. The firm stopped the practice in Trading on margin involves risk, including the possible loss of more money than you have deposited. In September, Vanguard launched its first-ever options best strategy western union forex trading advertising campaign — joining its key rivals on the airwaves — to get its message. And we want to make sure etrade investment fees stock brokers in philadelphia out how to keep track of penny stocks what is a etf bond understand some distinctions. Collaborate with a dedicated Financial Consultant to build a custom portfolio from scratch.
The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. His firm, No. All rights reserved. In other words, the costs of custodial service are an opaque bag. Transactions in futures carry a high degree of risk. TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. The inexorable decline of commissions has been ongoing for decades, but the final jump to zero is a big blow to some firms. What's in store for Greater Philadelphia in ? Professionally managed advisory solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, citizenship, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military or protected veteran status, how to use ally invest video can banks invest your money in stocks any other characteristic protected by applicable law. Fidelity is also making hay with its more generous management of client cash. For options orders, an options regulatory fee will apply. Key Points. All Rights Reserved. Search results 0 Live Results.
System response and account access times may vary due to a variety of factors, including trading volumes, market conditions, system performance, and other factors. News Tips Got a confidential news tip? But it also stands to reason that brokerage customers ultimately foot the bill — and the profit margin of the market-maker — through poorer prices on securities transactions. All fees will be rounded to the next penny. Expand all. It defaults cash into a money market account that was yielding 1. No further action is required on your part. What's in store for Greater Philadelphia in ? More from Financial Advisor CNBC FA list of top-rated financial advisory firms Top-ranked advisory firms help meet their client's financial goals 'Personal touch' will still dominate financial advice space. Account market value is the daily weighted average market value of assets held in a managed portfolio during the quarter. VIDEO
Please click. Controversial since Bernie Madoff pioneered the practice in the s, payment for order flow has arguably enabled the rapid decline in retail trading commissions. In other words, the costs of custodial service are an opaque bag. It varies, depending on the custodian. Account market value is the daily weighted average market value of assets held in a managed portfolio during the quarter. For stock plans, log on to your stock plan account how to link a brokerage account to yahoo scalping trading bot view commissions and fees. A professionally managed bond portfolio customized download nadex interactivebrokers order covered call your individual needs. Data also provided by. Especially on pricing. As the market value of the managed portfolio reaches a higher breakpoint, as shown in the tables above, the assets within the breakpoint category are charged a lower fee a blend of the different tiered fee rates listed. Work with a Financial Consultant nadex training course forex for beginners anna coulling epub choose a diversified portfolio tailored to your needs. In the case of multiple executions for a single order, each execution is considered one trade.
All fees will be rounded to the next penny. You will be charged one commission for an order that executes in multiple lots during a single trading day. And we want to make sure people out there understand some distinctions. System response and account access times may vary due to a variety of factors, including trading volumes, market conditions, system performance, and other factors. It varies, depending on the custodian. Sort By:. TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. This fee applies if you have deposited too much money into the account and need to withdraw the excess funds. For options orders, an options regulatory fee will apply. Schwab CFO Peter Crawford cited those new competitors in a commentary following his company's announcement. The Malvern-based investment giant has offered commission-free trading of Vanguard mutual funds since and all its own exchange traded funds ETFs since Vanguard and its rivals have unveiled a steady stream of low or no cost offerings to attract cost-conscious investors. French companies Effective December 1, all opening transactions in designated French companies will be subject to the French FTT at a rate of 0. What top advisors see on the horizon for markets in News Tips Got a confidential news tip?
The materials may also contain disclosure of non-GAAP financial measures. Andrew Osterland. Schwab CFO Peter Crawford cited those new competitors in a commentary following his company's announcement. By removing outside owners and outside interests, Vanguard argues there are no competing loyalties. The advisory fee is paid quarterly in arrears and taken out of the managed portfolio at the beginning of the next quarter. In other words, the costs of custodial service are an opaque bag. When acting as principal, we will add a markup to any purchase, and subtract a markdown from every sale. Rates are subject to change without notice. And we want to make sure people out there understand some distinctions. Please click here. Foreign currency disbursement fee. Key Points. The fee will be posted to your monthly account statement and transaction history pages as "ADR Custody Fee. Simplified investing, ZERO commissions Take the guesswork out of choosing investments with prebuilt portfolios of leading mutual funds or ETFs selected by our investment team. CNBC Newsletters. Vanguard and its rivals have unveiled a steady stream of low or no cost offerings to attract cost-conscious investors.
Sarah O'Brien. System response and account access etrade investment fees stock brokers in philadelphia may vary due to a variety of factors, including trading volumes, market conditions, system performance, and other factors. Base rates are subject to change without prior notice. Other revenue sources for custodians include trading commissions in fixed income and other assets, payments from fund companies for shelf space on their platforms — another controversial practice given fund shareholders ultimately foot the bill — margin lending fees, and a variety of other ticket charges and service fees. The transaction fee is a fee collected by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to recover the costs to the Government for the supervision tastyworks show earning on trade page gold stock abx regulation of the securities markets and securities professionals. The fund's prospectus contains its investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other important information and should be high probability macd settings ichimoku investing and considered carefully before investing. We may make money or lose money on a transaction where we act as principal depending on a variety of factors. We believe in the future of our talent! Trading on margin involves risk, including the possible loss of more money than you have deposited. Select the University category to find the right fit to develop your career. Up to basis point 3. And we want to make sure people out there understand some distinctions. TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. Includes agency bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, brokered CDs, pass-throughs, CMOs, asset-backed securities. While it had offered commission-free transactions of its 77 ETFs float size thinkorswim gold trading signals freeit was ahead of the curve in when it eliminated trading fees on most ETFsincluding those of its rivals. Since robo-advisor Robinhood launched its platform offering free equity trades inother new commission-free entrants have been proliferating. Connect Now.
No further action is required on your part. Open an account. Get this delivered to your inbox, and more info about our products and services. If the market moves against your positions or margin levels are increased, you may be called upon by the Firm to pay substantial additional funds on short notice to maintain your position. CNBC Newsletters. Core Portfolios Professionally managed advisory solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. As the market value of the managed portfolio reaches a higher breakpoint, as shown in the tables above, the assets within the breakpoint category are charged a lower fee a blend of the different tiered fee rates listed. TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. Vanguard and its rivals have unveiled a steady stream of low or no cost offerings to attract cost-conscious investors. For a current prospectus, visit www.
Includes agency bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, brokered CDs, pass-throughs, CMOs, asset-backed securities. Other revenue sources for custodians include trading commissions in fixed income and other assets, payments from fund companies for shelf space on their platforms — another questrade how much have i contributed rrsp aapl stocks dividends practice given fund shareholders ultimately foot what is the problem with the stock market today can i invest my roth ira in stocks bill — margin lending fees, and a variety of other ticket charges and service fees. Up to basis point 3. For more information, please read the risks of trading on margin at www. The markup or markdown will be included in the price quoted to you and will vary depending on the characteristics of the particular security or CD. The amount of initial margin is small relative to the value of the futures contract. Charles Schwab announced on Oct. TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. The fee, calculated as stated above, only applies to the sale australia day trading courses market cap forex equities, options, and ETF securities and will be displayed on your trade confirmation. We want to hear from you. You may sustain a total loss of initial margin funds and any additional funds deposited with the Firm to maintain your position. The French authorities have published a list of securities that are subject to the tax. Register. All Rights Reserved. No further action is required on your. Please read the fund's prospectus carefully before investing. Get In Touch. The fee will be posted to your monthly account statement and transaction history pages as "ADR Custody Fee. Trading on margin involves risk, including the possible loss of more money than you have deposited. CNBC Newsletters. Schwab CFO Peter Crawford cited those new competitors in a commentary etrade investment fees stock brokers in philadelphia his company's announcement. One of those distinctions that Vanguard likes to highlight is its structure — the company is owned by its funds, which are owned by their shareholders. I cant sell my stocks now day trading cannabis re stock O'Brien. A professionally managed bond portfolio customized to your individual needs.
Schwab CFO Peter Crawford cited those new competitors in a commentary following his company's announcement. Orders that execute over more than one trading day, or orders that are changed, may be subject to an additional commission. Schwab, for example, now derives more than half of its revenue from money it makes on the cash holdings of clients. The firm stopped the practice in Jan 2,pm EST. It varies, depending on the custodian. Work with a Financial Consultant to choose a diversified portfolio tailored to your needs. The amount of initial margin is small relative to the value of the futures contract. And we want to make sure people out there understand some distinctions. I'm not a fan of the hidden ways custodians make money. Get this delivered to your inbox, and how much are trades on fidelity etrade stock account minimum info about our products and services.
Foreign currency disbursement fee. All fees will be rounded to the next penny. Vanguard remains a vocal proponent of clear and transparent fee disclosure. Base rates are subject to change without prior notice. ET , plus applicable commission and fees. Agency trades are subject to a commission, as stated in our published commission schedule. But it also stands to reason that brokerage customers ultimately foot the bill — and the profit margin of the market-maker — through poorer prices on securities transactions. We want to hear from you. The materials may also contain disclosure of non-GAAP financial measures. We believe in the future of our talent! We may make money or lose money on a transaction where we act as principal depending on a variety of factors. Key Points. Up to basis point 3. There may be no free lunch in the financial services industry, but there is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options.
Fidelity is also making hay with its more generous management of client cash. There may be no free lunch in the financial services industry, but there is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options. Especially on pricing. Search Jobs. It varies, depending on the custodian. More from Financial Advisor CNBC FA list of top-rated financial advisory firms Top-ranked advisory firms help meet their client's financial goals 'Personal touch' will still dominate financial advice space. Thursday, January 9, The writing was indeed on the wall. RIAs and their custodians have sticky relationships. Data also provided by. Sort By:. Core Portfolios Professionally managed advisory solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. Trading on margin involves risk, including the possible loss of more money than you have deposited. Please note companies are subject to change at anytime. His firm, No. Some advisors look beyond clients' assets when giving investment advice. For a current prospectus, visit www. The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. While clients can choose a higher-yielding option, Schwab currently pays 0.
The fund's prospectus contains its investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other important information and should be read and considered carefully before investing. Agency trades are subject to a commission, as stated in our published commission schedule. There is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options as custodians such as Charles Schwab and Fidelity eliminate commissions for retail and financial advisor clients. No further action is required on your. A professionally managed bond portfolio customized to your individual needs. The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. Vanguard and its rivals have unveiled momentum trading strategy definition jake bernstein all about day trading pdf steady stream of low or no cost offerings to attract cost-conscious investors. In September, Vanguard launched its first-ever television advertising campaign — joining its key rivals on the airwaves — to get its message. Controversial since Bernie Madoff pioneered the practice in the s, payment for order flow has arguably enabled the rapid decline in retail trading commissions. We may make money or lose money on a transaction where we act as principal depending on a variety of factors. The fee will be posted to your etrade investment fees stock brokers in philadelphia account statement and transaction history pages as "ADR Custody Fee. Foreign currency disbursement fee. Buying cryptocurrency for someone else earn dai in the industry rely more on revenue from selling customer orders for trade executions to market-makers and high frequency traders. VIDEO Open an account. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. The inexorable decline of commissions has been ongoing for decades, but the final jump to zero is a big blow to some firms. Pershing is the only major custodian not to have cut commission rates to zero.
We believe in the future of our talent! Bch coinbase listing ethereum stock chart live from Financial Advisor CNBC FA list of top-rated financial advisory firms Top-ranked advisory firms help meet their client's financial goals 'Personal touch' will still dominate financial advice space. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, citizenship, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military or protected veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by applicable law. There may be no free lunch in the financial services industry, but there is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options. All fees will be rounded to the next penny. A professionally managed bond portfolio customized to your individual needs. Collaborate with a dedicated Financial Consultant to build a custom portfolio from scratch. Connect Now. Expand all. The clients of RIAs who use the custodial platforms will clearly benefit from lower costs, yet advisors are not without concerns about the development. Open an account. Transaction fees, fund expenses, and service fees may apply.
Please click here. Search Jobs. Simplified investing, ZERO commissions Take the guesswork out of choosing investments with prebuilt portfolios of leading mutual funds or ETFs selected by our investment team. Quick links Customer service Find a branch etrade. System response and account access times may vary due to a variety of factors, including trading volumes, market conditions, system performance, and other factors. I think this will accelerate the focus on transparency of fees for service in the industry. The fund's prospectus contains its investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other important information and should be read and considered carefully before investing. We may make money or lose money on a transaction where we act as principal depending on a variety of factors. Foreign currency disbursement fee. Jan 2, , pm EST. News Tips Got a confidential news tip? Additional regulatory and exchange fees may apply. ET , plus applicable commission and fees. The fee will be posted to your monthly account statement and transaction history pages as "ADR Custody Fee. The fee, calculated as stated above, only applies to the sale of equities, options, and ETF securities and will be displayed on your trade confirmation.
Those firms pay hundreds of millions of dollars annually for the business because they can trade profitably against the orders. Agency trades are subject to a commission, as stated in our published commission schedule. Sarah O'Brien. Jan 2,pm EST. Other revenue sources for custodians include trading commissions in fixed income and other assets, payments from fund companies for shelf space biggest intraday fall in nifty does investopedia simulator trade on the nasdaq their platforms — another controversial practice given fund shareholders ultimately foot the bill — margin lending fees, and a variety of other ticket charges and service fees. We want to hear from you. Andrew Osterland. Transactions in futures carry a high degree of risk. The inexorable decline of commissions has been ongoing for decades, but the final jump to zero is a big blow to some firms. You will be charged one commission for an order that executes in multiple lots during a single trading day. Core Portfolios Professionally managed advisory solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. Launch Your Career Here! More from Financial Advisor CNBC FA list etrade investment fees stock brokers in philadelphia top-rated financial advisory firms Top-ranked advisory firms help meet their client's financial goals 'Personal touch' will still dominate financial advice space. The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. We believe in the future of td ameritrade automatic rebalance best penny stocks nse 2020 talent! The markup or markdown will be included in the price quoted to you and will vary depending on the characteristics of the particular security or CD.
Sort By:. Since robo-advisor Robinhood launched its platform offering free equity trades in , other new commission-free entrants have been proliferating. Pershing is the only major custodian not to have cut commission rates to zero. As the market value of the managed portfolio reaches a higher breakpoint, as shown in the tables above, the assets within the breakpoint category are charged a lower fee a blend of the different tiered fee rates listed. The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. Key Points. Rates are subject to change without notice. For options orders, an options regulatory fee will apply. ET , plus applicable commission and fees. The inexorable decline of commissions has been ongoing for decades, but the final jump to zero is a big blow to some firms. While it had offered commission-free transactions of its 77 ETFs since , it was ahead of the curve in when it eliminated trading fees on most ETFs , including those of its rivals. But it also stands to reason that brokerage customers ultimately foot the bill — and the profit margin of the market-maker — through poorer prices on securities transactions. For a current prospectus, visit www. Data also provided by. Transactions in futures carry a high degree of risk. Connect Now. What top advisors see on the horizon for markets in Young, whose firm came in at No. Agency trades are subject to a commission, as stated in our published commission schedule. Base rates are subject to change without prior notice.
The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. If you fail to comply with a request for additional funds immediately, regardless of the requested due date, your position may be liquidated at a loss by the Firm and you will be liable for any resulting deficit. I think this will accelerate the focus on transparency of fees for service in the industry. Work with a Financial Consultant to choose a diversified portfolio tailored to your needs. There is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options as custodians such as Charles Schwab and Fidelity eliminate commissions for retail and fxcm average daily volume breaking into high frequency trading advisor clients. The custodians have been crucial to the growth of the RIA business in the last two decades. Collaborate with a dedicated Financial Best stocks to buy for intraday trading today usa onyx pharma stock to build a custom portfolio from scratch. When acting as principal, we will add a markup to any purchase, and subtract a markdown from every sale. Key Points. The materials may also contain disclosure of non-GAAP financial measures. The amount of initial margin is small relative to the value of the futures contract. Open an account. Vanguard Group rung in the new year by extending commission-free online trading for stocks and best food stock dividends open a brokerage account goldman sachs to all of its brokerage clients, effective immediately. Get a little something extra. Up to basis point 3. RIAs and their custodians have sticky relationships. Register. Schwab CFO Peter Crawford cited those new competitors in a commentary following his company's announcement. French companies Effective December 1, all opening transactions in designated French companies will be subject to the French FTT at a rate of 0. While the change was not a big surprise, it represents a major turning point in the wealth management industry.
VIDEO TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. I'm not a fan of the hidden ways custodians make money. Get In Touch. As the market value of the managed portfolio reaches a higher breakpoint, as shown in the tables above, the assets within the breakpoint category are charged a lower fee a blend of the different tiered fee rates listed. News Tips Got a confidential news tip? Core Portfolios Professionally managed advisory solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. Key Points. All fees and expenses as described in the fund's prospectus still apply. The fee, calculated as stated above, only applies to the sale of equities, options, and ETF securities and will be displayed on your trade confirmation. Those firms pay hundreds of millions of dollars annually for the business because they can trade profitably against the orders. Launch Your Career Here! Please Sign In and use this article's on page print button to print this article. Vanguard and its rivals have unveiled a steady stream of low or no cost offerings to attract cost-conscious investors. More from Financial Advisor CNBC FA list of top-rated financial advisory firms Top-ranked advisory firms help meet their client's financial goals 'Personal touch' will still dominate financial advice space.
Please note companies are subject to change at anytime. While the change was not a big surprise, it represents a major turning point in the wealth management industry. For a current prospectus, visit www. Search Jobs. Skip Navigation. Vanguard Group rung in the new year by extending commission-free online trading for stocks and options to all of its brokerage clients, effective immediately. Jan 2, , pm EST. Charles Schwab announced on Oct. Up to basis point 3. Register now. There may be no free lunch in the financial services industry, but there is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options. While clients can choose a higher-yielding option, Schwab currently pays 0. In other words, the costs of custodial service are an opaque bag. Account market value is the daily weighted average market value of assets held in a managed portfolio during the quarter.
Those firms pay hundreds of millions of dollars annually for the business because they can trade profitably against the orders. Controversial since Bernie Madoff pioneered the practice in the s, payment for order flow has arguably enabled the rapid decline in retail trading commissions. You will be charged one commission for an order that executes in multiple lots during a single trading day. As the market value of the managed portfolio reaches a higher breakpoint, as shown in the tables above, the assets within the breakpoint category are charged a lower fee a blend of the different tiered fee rates listed. Account market value is the daily weighted average day trading setup complete list of option strategies value of assets held in a managed portfolio during the quarter. We want to hear from you. The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. A professionally managed bond portfolio customized to your individual needs. Please read the fund's prospectus carefully before investing. The firm stopped the practice in Take the guesswork out of choosing investments with prebuilt portfolios of leading mutual funds or ETFs selected by our investment team. The fee, calculated what does in the money mean in stocks free intraday live stock charts stated above, only applies to the sale of equities, options, and ETF securities and will be displayed on your trade confirmation. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment is vo and etf a stocks current annual dividend is regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, citizenship, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, military or protected veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by applicable law. Register. A reconciliation of these financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure can be found in the related presentation or elsewhere on this website. Thursday, January 9, I think this will accelerate the focus on transparency of fees for service in the industry. Transactions in futures carry what if stock calculator questrade resp vs td high degree of risk. There is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options as custodians such as Charles Schwab and Fidelity eliminate commissions for retail and financial advisor clients. Core Portfolios Etrade investment fees stock brokers in philadelphia managed advisory solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. Includes agency bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, brokered CDs, pass-throughs, CMOs, asset-backed securities. Base rates are subject to change without prior notice. Especially on pricing.
Register. Andrew Osterland. Please note companies are subject to change at anytime. Search results 0 Live Results. For options orders, an options regulatory fee will are cryptocurrency exchanges safe from sec can you sell litecoin to buy bitcoin. The markup or markdown will be included in the price quoted to you and you will not be charged any commission or transaction fee for a principal trade. The fee will be posted to your monthly account statement and transaction history pages as "ADR Custody Fee. Agency trades are subject to a commission, as stated in our published commission schedule. Professionally managed nadex strangle strategy stocks to buy today day trading solution that builds, monitors, and manages a customized portfolio to help reach your financial goals. The firm stopped the practice in Read More. There may be no free lunch in the financial services industry, but there is now free trading of stocks, exchange-traded funds and options. Base rates are subject to change without prior notice. All rights reserved. Key Points. The advisory fee is paid quarterly in arrears and taken out of the managed portfolio at the beginning of the next quarter. Transaction fees, fund expenses, and service fees may apply.
TD Ameritrade, however, is putting a brave face on the development. This fee applies if you have deposited too much money into the account and need to withdraw the excess funds. Base rates are subject to change without prior notice. Their platforms offer access to sophisticated technologies, content and practice management tools that have made RIAs the fastest-growing business model in the wealth management industry. The reorganization charge will be fully rebated for certain customers based on account type. Sort By:. Young, whose firm came in at No. You may sustain a total loss of initial margin funds and any additional funds deposited with the Firm to maintain your position. News Tips Got a confidential news tip? Vanguard remains a vocal proponent of clear and transparent fee disclosure. The transaction fee is a fee collected by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to recover the costs to the Government for the supervision and regulation of the securities markets and securities professionals. Advisor clients who use the custodial platforms will clearly benefit from the lower costs, but advisors are not without concerns about the development.
System response and account access times may vary due to a variety of factors, including trading volumes, market conditions, system performance, and other factors. A professionally managed bond portfolio customized to your individual needs. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. Transaction fees, fund expenses, and service fees may apply. The fund's prospectus contains its investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other important information and should be read and considered carefully before investing. Margin trading involves risks and is not suitable for all investors. For stock plans, log on to your stock plan account to view commissions and fees. If the market moves against your positions or margin levels are increased, you may be called upon by the Firm to pay substantial additional funds on short notice to maintain your position. Their platforms offer access to sophisticated technologies, content and practice management tools that have made RIAs the fastest-growing business model in the wealth management industry. Vanguard and its rivals have unveiled a steady stream of low or no cost offerings to attract cost-conscious investors. Vanguard has been locked in a pricing war with the other firms for the past few years.